Was the 1932 to 1933 Ukrainian famine, the Holodomor, deliberately engineered by Soviet policy to break Ukrainian independence, or an unintended consequence of forced collectivization applied across the whole Soviet Union?

Historians remain divided: some conclude Stalin deliberately engineered the famine to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement, while others hold it was primarily the unintended consequence of rapid Soviet industrialization and forced collectivization applied across grain-growing regions generally, not Ukraine alone.