Home›Open Questions›Was cacao domesticated in a single event in Central America about 3,600 years ago, or independently earlier in the upper Amazon, at the Santa Ana-La Florida site in present-day Ecuador, at least 5,300 years ago?Open QuestionsWas cacao domesticated in a single event in Central America about 3,600 years ago, or independently earlier in the upper Amazon, at the Santa Ana-La Florida site in present-day Ecuador, at least 5,300 years ago?Citation FormatsGeneral ReferenceGeneral Reference Citation TextAgriculture and Farming Atlas. "Was cacao domesticated in a single event in Central America about 3,600 years ago, or independently earlier in the upper Amazon, at the Santa Ana-La Florida site in present-day Ecuador, at least 5,300 years ago?." Accessed August 30, 2026. https://agriculture.interactiveatlas.org/open-questions-index/cacao-domestication-single-event-or-independent.Copy General ReferenceAPA StyleAPA Style Citation TextAgriculture and Farming Atlas. (n.d.). Was cacao domesticated in a single event in Central America about 3,600 years ago, or independently earlier in the upper Amazon, at the Santa Ana-La Florida site in present-day Ecuador, at least 5,300 years ago?. Retrieved August 30, 2026, from https://agriculture.interactiveatlas.org/open-questions-index/cacao-domestication-single-event-or-independentCopy APA StyleBibTeXBibTeX Citation Text@misc{agricultureandfarmingatlas-was-cacao-domesticated-in-a-single-event, author = {Agriculture and Farming Atlas}, title = {Was cacao domesticated in a single event in Central America about 3,600 years ago, or independently earlier in the upper Amazon, at the Santa Ana-La Florida site in present-day Ecuador, at least 5,300 years ago?}, year = {2026}, url = {https://agriculture.interactiveatlas.org/open-questions-index/cacao-domestication-single-event-or-independent}, note = {Accessed August 30, 2026} }Copy BibTeXReference and ClassificationDevelopingFactsOpen QuestionCross-Tradition ConnectionsSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)FactsWhy OpenWell-attestedTwo real, peer-reviewed lines of evidence disagree. Archaeological and residue evidence from the Santa Ana-La Florida site places cacao domestication in the upper Amazon (Mayo-Chinchipe culture, present-day Ecuador) at least 5,300 years ago, with cacao later introduced to Mesoamerica. A 2018 genomic study of cultivated cacao trees instead concluded that every domesticated cacao tree today descends from a single domestication event roughly 3,600 years ago somewhere in Central America, which would leave the older Amazonian material outside the domesticated lineage that survived. Neither study has been overturned by the other. 1What Would ResolveWell-attestedA direct ancient-DNA comparison between cacao remains recovered from Santa Ana-La Florida and the genomic reference set the 2018 study built its single-origin tree from, which would show whether the upper-Amazon material is ancestral to, or a side branch from, the lineage that was actually domesticated. 1Discipline NeededWell-attestedArchaeobotany / population genomics 1Open QuestionTwo real, peer-reviewed lines of evidence disagree. Archaeological and residue evidence from the Santa Ana-La Florida site places cacao domestication in the upper Amazon (Mayo-Chinchipe culture, present-day Ecuador) at least 5,300 years ago, with cacao later introduced to Mesoamerica. A 2018 genomic study of cultivated cacao trees instead concluded that every domesticated cacao tree today descends from a single domestication event roughly 3,600 years ago somewhere in Central America, which would leave the older Amazonian material outside the domesticated lineage that survived. Neither study has been overturned by the other.What would resolve this A direct ancient-DNA comparison between cacao remains recovered from Santa Ana-La Florida and the genomic reference set the 2018 study built its single-origin tree from, which would show whether the upper-Amazon material is ancestral to, or a side branch from, the lineage that was actually domesticated.OpenArchaeobotany / population genomicsCacao Tree (Wikipedia)Cross-Tradition ConnectionsQuestion OnCacao, Crops Well-attested Source Cacao Tree (Wikipedia)Sources1. Cacao Tree (Wikipedia)Wikimedia FoundationDomestication sectionView the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.View At A Past YearThe atlas records no dated fact of its own for this entry, so there is no other year to choose.Show This Year